Dates: Entered Arda at its beginning; most were destroyed in c. I 583

Race: Ainur

Division: Maiar

Meaning: 'Demons of Power'

Other Names: Valaraukar
___________________________________________________________________

The Balrogs were spirits of fire seduced by Melkor in the beginning of Arda, and who dwelt in his northern fortress of Utumno. During the First Age, the Balrogs were the most feared of Morgoth's forces after the dragons. In appearance, the Balrogs were man-like, but fire streamed from them, and they were swathed in dark shadows. They carried whips of flame and induced great terror infriends and foes alike. In the War of Wrath, Morgoth was assailed by the forces of the Valar. Most of theBalrogs were destroyed in that War, but some few escaped over the Blue Mountains and lay hid in Middle-earth. Durin's Bane, the creature that drove the Dwarves from Moria, was one of these.

The Balrogs Before the First Age

The Artist is Weta Digital & Weta Workshop Go HERE to find out more about the Artist

The Balrogs were in origin Maiar, of the same order as Sauron or Gandalf. Melkorcorrupted them to his service in the distant past of the World, in the days of hissplendour. They were originally gathered by him in his ancient fastness of Utumnoduring the time of the Lamps of the Valar. When this fortress was destroyed by the Valar, at least some fled and lurked in the pits of Angband (whether any of the original Balrogs were slain in the Valar's attack on Utumno is not known).

Balrogs in the First Age

When Melkor and Ungoliant escaped from Valinor three ages later with the Silmarils, the Balrogs were still to be found in the ruins of Angband. Ungoliant entrapped Melkor in her webs, demanding the Silmarils for herself, but the Balrogs issued from their hiding-place and rescued their lord. The Balrogs were apparently first encountered by the Elves during the Dagor-nuin-Giliath in the first year of the First Age. After the great victory of the Noldor over Morgoth's Orcs, Fëanor pressed on towards Angband, but the Balrogs came against him. He was mortally wounded by Gothmog, Lord of Balrogs. Though his Sons beat off the demons of fire, Fëanor died of his wounds soon after, and his spirit departed
for the Halls of Mandos.

The Appearance and Nature of Balrog

Balrogs were spirits of fire - their hearts were of fire, we are told, and they carried whips of flame. They could, however, shroud themselves in darkness and shadow. The Balrog that Gandalf fought in Moria, for example, at first gave no hint of his fiery nature apart from the flames that issued from his nostrils.

'...And Whether Balrogs Have Wings'

Do Balrogs have wings? It might seem a simple question, but (as so often with Tolkien's work) the more we examine it, the harder it is to answer. It's a question, too, that divides Tolkien's followers into two distinct camps - those who believe in Balrog wings, and those who deny their existence. It's also a question that generates a lot of interest: we (The Encyclopedia of Arda) get more e-mail on this single topic than from any other article on the site. Accordingly,
we've revised and expanded this section to cover the vexed 'Balrog wing' question in a fair amount of detail. If you're a casual browser, or you're not particularly interested in Balrog wings, you'll probably find far more information here than you need! Feel free to 'bail out' whenever you feel like it - this article is really written for those with a determined interest in the debate. This article does its best to take an objective view, but it does reach a fairly definite conclusion (at least, as definite as the evidence allows). If you're one of those with strongly-held views on this question, then, there's a fair chance that you'll disagree. That's fine, of course - we're not looking to 'convert' anyone! - but at least we hope you'll
find something of interest here.

A Quick Digression: What is 'Shadow'?

Before starting out, it will be helpful to clear up a common misconception. Within this debate, a number of references to 'shadow' crop up, and a lot of readers seem to take this in its modern sense - that is, a region of darkness caused by light being blocked. This isn't quite the sense Tolkien intends. Where Balrogs are concerned, their 'shadow' isn't just a lack of light, but a region of darkness that they carry around with them. Exactly what its qualities are is a debatable point, but it can certainly flow into different shapes. These shadow-shapes, in fact, form the beginning of the whole debate.

The Nature of the Argument

The Artist of EA Games - Lord of the Rings - The Third Age Go HERE to find out more about the Artist

The heart of the debate lies in The Fellowship of the Ring II 5, The Bridge of Khazad-dûm. This chapter is built around the Fellowship's disastrous encounter with the Balrog known only as Durin's Bane, the same creature that had driven the Dwarves from their ancient home centuries before. In particular, two references give rise to the discussion. The first describes the Balrog from Gandalf's point of view:

[1] "His enemy halted again, facing him, and the shadow about it reached out like two vast wings."
The Fellowship of the Ring II 5 The Bridge of Khazad-dûm

On its own, this isn't particularly contentious. The Balrog's dark 'shadow' has assumed a form that appears at least somewhat winglike. The fact that it is explicitly 'like wings' means that this can't literally describe real wings. The problems start, though, with another reference that appears two paragraphs later:

[2] "...suddenly it drew itself up to a great height, and its wings were spread from wall towall..."
The Fellowship of the Ring II 5 The Bridge of Khazad-dûm

These are quite probably the most hotly debated words Tolkien ever wrote. This seems strange at first, because in fact most people agree that the meaning isn't particularly ambiguous, and that it's fairly obvious what the statement means. The dispute begins, though, with a curious fact: like an optical illusion, this quotation has two obvious interpretations. Whatever you think it means, and however sure you are, there are plenty of people who see it quite differently.
To one group of readers, 'its wings were spread from wall to wall' (2) relates to the immediately preceding 'the shadow about it reached out like two vast wings' (1). To them, it just reinforces the preceding statement, and says nothing about any other kind of wings. On the opposite side of the debate, 'its wings were spread' (2) i

s not related to the preceding statement at all. Instead, it's a definite reference to the Balrog's real, physical wings. The debate normally focuses on arguments about which of these two obvious interpretations is the correct one. It's probable, though, that neither is explicitly correct: how you read the passage depends on what you already presume a Balrog to look like. We're not trying to prove anything at this point, just to show that the structure of the sentence will bear either interpretation. One way of doing this is to replace the disputed 'wings' with terms that have a more certain status.
Let's start with 'arms'. There's absolutely no question that Balrogs had arms - it's so
obvious that it seems odd to even mention it. Now, imagine that Tolkien had written 'the
shadow about it reached out like two vast arms'. That's still obviously a simile, just like
the real text (1). If that's followed shortly afterwards by 'its arms were spread', it seems
natural to read this second reference as referring to its real arms, not its shadow-arms,
even though we've just been told that it had 'arms' of shadow. This is how the pro-wings
faction sees the text, because they assume that Balrogs have real wings, just as
unquestionably as real arms.

The Artist of EA Games - LOTR - Battle for Middle-earth Go HERE to find out more about the Artist

We can simulate the alternative view with 'tentacles'. There's absolutely no evidence for
Balrog tentacles, and its safe to presume that they didn't form any part of a Balrog's
anatomy. Once again, 'the shadow about it reached out like two vast tentacles' reads
without a problem as a simile. Now, though, when it's followed by 'its tentacles were
spread', the natural interpretation is slightly different. We know for sure that there are no
'real' Balrog tentacles, so the statement reads much more easily as referring back to
the preceding simile: it must mean 'tentacles of shadow'. This is the anti-wings position:
because they assume that Balrogs have no real wings, they naturally see 'its wings' as
an extension of the earlier passage.

You might not agree with both of these interpretations, but its fair bet that the one you
do agree with is the one you already presume is correct. That's all we're arguing here -
that the interpretation depends on an underlying presumption about Balrog wings,
whether for or against.

Since there doesn't seem to be anything decisive in the sentence structure itself, it
follows that arguments based on this passage alone must be circular. On the one side:
'Assuming Balrogs have real wings, then the passage must be meant literally, therefore
Balrogs have real wings'. On the other: 'Assuming Balrogs have no real wings, then the
passage must be meant figuratively, therefore Balrogs have no real wings'. As far as
this passage is concerned, whatever you assume about Balrog wings inevitably turns
out to be true.

This isn't much help, but fortunately 'its wings were spread from wall to wall' (2) isn't the
only evidence to consider. Let's move on to look at the rest of the cases for, and
against, real Balrog wings.

The Case For Balrog Wings

Having established that 'its wings were spread from wall to wall' (2) can't realistically be
used as an argument for (or against) real wings, we can proceed to see what evidence
actually can be produced.

Argument One: Its Wings Were Spread From Wall to Wall

It's a characteristic of the debate that this resilient passage reappears very regularly in
pro-wing arguments, whatever counterarguments are put up against it. It's only fair,
then, to allow it another quick airing before moving on. Those who propose it as proof
consider that it is unambiguously literal, and cannot be interpreted otherwise. This
position doesn't seem to stand up to detailed scrutiny. It isn't clear, for example, how a
passage that has been subject to years of debate can realistically be described as
unambiguous. Much more interesting, though, is the claim that it must be intended
literally. This presumably means that Tolkien would have written 'its wings of shadow
were spread...', or something of the kind, if that is what he had meant. Consider the
following, though:

[3] "Gandalf came flying down the steps and fell to the ground in the midst of the
Company"
The Fellowship of the Ring II 5 The Bridge of Khazad-dûm

This occurs just a few pages before Gandalf's encounter with the Balrog, and of course
its meaning is obvious: Gandalf has been thrown down the steps by a force from above.
This is a metaphor: nobody would claim that Gandalf literally 'flew'. The text, though,
doesn't say 'Gandalf seemed to come flying', it says unequivocally that he 'came flying'.
Those who insist on a literal reading of one passage, must logically insist on a literal
reading of this passage too. The only consistent conclusion is that, if 'its wings were
spread from wall to wall' (2) proves that Balrogs have real wings, then 'Gandalf came
flying down the steps' (3) proves that Gandalf not only could fly, but chose that moment
to show off his talent.

Argument Two: 'With Winged Speed'

Given the depth of debate on the issue, it may come as a surprise that 'Its wings were
spread...' (2) is the only definite canonical evidence for Balrog wings. There is, though, a
passage in The History of Middle-earth that is often produced as supporting evidence.
Here it is:

[4] "Swiftly they arose, and they passed with winged speed over Hithlum, and they came
to Lammoth as a tempest of fire."
The History of Middle-earth Volume X (Morgoth's Ring), The Later Quenta Silmarillion:
Of the Rape of the Silmarils

'They' are the Balrogs who rushed to save Melkor from Ungoliant immediately after his
return to Middle-earth. This text does not appear in the published Silmarillion: it belongs
to an unpublished variant, often claimed to have canonical priority over the published
edition. To avoid interminable debate about canon and priority, we'll assume it does
have priority the purposes of this argument.
Regardless of its canonical status, though, it isn't certain how this represents 'proof' of
any kind: 'with winged speed' is unavoidably just a metaphor for 'very quickly'. There
does seem to be some doubt about this - here's what the dictionary has to say:

[5] "metaphor n. application of name or descriptive term or phrase to an object or action
to which it is imaginatively but not literally applicable"
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English

In other words, unless 'speed' can literally have wings (which it clearly can't), 'with
winged speed' is a metaphor.
Just as before, we can clarify the structure of the sentence by extracting the Balrogs
(whose nature is under question), and replacing them with more definite terms. First,
imagine that the paragraph is about Eagles (which we know have wings and can fly),
rather than Balrogs: there's no question that '[the Eagles] passed with winged speed
over Hithlum' makes perfect sense. To try the opposite argument, we'll replace the
Eagles with something that definitely doesn't have wings and can't fly: horsemen, say.
This results in '[the horsemen] passed with winged speed over Hithlum'. Maybe it's a
little more poetic, but it clearly isn't nonsense.
This is another case where the argument only serves to highlight the presumptions of
its reader. If you already believe in Balrog wings, then 'with winged speed' might well
seem to refer to them, but in fact there's nothing here that demands them.

Summing Up

The positive argument in favour of real Balrog wings at least has the merit of brevity.
Essentially, it is that 'its wings were spread from wall to wall' (2) and 'with winged speed'
(4) can only possibly be interpreted as literal references to actual wings. As we've tried
to show, though, there's no objective reason for drawing this conclusion. The pro-wings
interpretation works if, and only if, you already assume that Balrog wings exist.

The Case Against Balrog Wings

If there's no undeniable case for Balrog wings, its important to realize that neither is
there any undeniable evidence against them. Instead, the contrary argument is based
on a range of objections: references that apparently contradict the idea of Balrog wings.
Of these, there are two particularly strong examples.

Objection One: Balrogs Don't Fly

The Artist is John Howe Go HERE to find out more about the Artist

There is no point anywhere in Tolkien's work where he describes a Balrog as flying.
Even in situations where it would be a huge advantage to take to the air, the Balrogs
remain earthbound. To illustrate, consider Gandalf's encounter with Durin's Bane. This
Balrog faces two obstacles, a fiery fissure, and then a chasm crossed by a narrow
bridge. These should present no problem to a winged creature, but its reaction is
instructive.

[6] "Then with a rush it leaped across the fissure."
The Fellowship of the Ring II 5 The Bridge of Khazad-dûm

...and then...

"It stepped forward slowly on to the bridge..."
The Fellowship of the Ring II 5 The Bridge of Khazad-dûm

Later, that same Balrog finds itself on a mountain-top, fighting for its life. According to
Gandalf's later report of the incident:

[7] "I threw down my enemy, and he fell from the high place, and broke the
mountain-side where he smote it in his ruin." The Two Towers III 5 The White Rider

If he could fly, the Balrog could easily have saved itself. Instead, he crashes through the
air to his doom. Durin's Bane isn't the only non-flying Balrog, either:

[8] "Many are the songs that have been sung of the duel of Glorfindel with the Balrog
upon a pinnacle of rock in that high place; and both fell to ruin in the abyss."
Quenta Silmarillion 23 Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin

The obvious question is: if Balrogs have real wings, why don't they use them?
There are two counterarguments. First, it is often suggested that 'with winged speed' (4)
is a unique case where Balrogs are described as flying. We've already considered this
point - it needn't detain us here.
The more common counterargument is that, in each case, the Balrogs were somehow
prevented from using their wings. According to this position, Durin's Bane leaps the
fissure and steps onto the bridge not because he has no wings, but because his wings
were so vast that they were cramped and unusable. Against the two cases of Balrogs
falling from mountains, it's suggested that they were exhausted from fighting, or their
wings were somehow damaged or unusable. It's also sometimes put forward that
Balrogs had real wings, but couldn't use them, or could only glide short distances rather
than actually fly. This counterargument takes many forms, but all have one feature in
common - once again, it presumes that the wings must exist.
There is, of course, a much simpler explanation for the Balrogs' apparent inability to fly.
If we take the position that they just didn't have wings, the entire problem vanishes.

Objection Two: The Question of Scale

How big is a Balrog? If we follow the pro-wings side of the debate, and assume that it
had real wings, its possible to come up at least some minimum figures. This is
because of the classic 'its wings were spread from wall to wall' (2), which means that its
wingspan must be at least the width of the hall in which it was standing. What do we
know about the hall itself?

[9] "Before them was another cavernous hall. It was loftier and far longer than the one in
which they had slept."

[10] "He turned left and sped across the smooth floor of the hall. The distance was
greater than it had looked."

[11] "...a slender bridge of stone, without kerb or rail, that spanned the chasm with one
curving spring of fifty feet."

All from The Fellowship of the Ring II 5 The Bridge of Khazad-dûm

The hall is gigantic. If the chasm is fifty feet wide (11), then the entire hall must be at
least several hundred feet long. A 'chasm' is by definition longer than it is wide, and the
chasm's length defines the width of the hall. So, we can derive a fairly reliable minimum
width somewhere in the region of seventy-five to one hundred feet. This is supported by
the text, which tells us that the hall was so wide that it needed pillars down the centre
to support the roof:

[12] "Down the centre stalked a double line of towering pillars. They were carved like
boles of mighty trees whose boughs upheld the roof..." The Fellowship of the Ring II 5
The Bridge of Khazad-dûm

If the Balrog's wings were real, and literally spread 'from wall to wall' (2), its minimum
wingspan is also somewhere approaching one hundred feet. This gives us a Balrog the
size of a house, and remember that these are minimum values - it might be even bigger.
Many would accept this without a problem - the idea of a gigantic Balrog is quite
common, and it's often depicted as being thirty feet high or more, which is consistent
with these estimates.
This is an important point, so we'll emphasise it. If the Balrog's wings are real, it follows
necessarily that it must have been a monstrous creature with the wingspan of a small
airliner.
The objection this raises is quite significant: it's very hard to explain how this behemoth
had lived for more than a thousand years in an underground city designed for Dwarves.
As a specific example, consider the Chamber of Mazarbul, which appears just before
the Company's encounter with the Balrog. There's plenty of textual evidence about the
entrance to this room. For example:

[13] "...orcs one after another leaped into the chamber."
The Fellowship of the Ring II 5 The Bridge of Khazad-dûm

...and, a moment later, they...

[14] "...clustered in the doorway."
The Fellowship of the Ring II 5 The Bridge of Khazad-dûm

This is obviously a fairly narrow opening. Somehow, though, the Balrog manages to
follow the orcs into the Chamber through this entrance. If a Balrog is built on the huge
scale we've just discussed, it could not possibly have used this narrow entrance.
The logic of this seems inescapable: we have to scale down the Balrog to get him
through the door. He can still be of 'a great height' (2) - say ten feet tall or so - but he
can't realistically be much larger than this. This idea is supported to an extent by this
description from the The History of Middle-earth:

[15] "[the Balrog] strode to the fissure, no more than man-high yet terror seemed to go
before it."
The History of Middle-earth Volume VII (The Treason of Isengard), X The Mines of
Moria II: The Bridge

This is a rejected draft, so it can't be put forward as any kind of proof. It does give some
insight, though, into the kind of scale that Tolkien had in mind for the Balrog. It's also
borne out by the fact that he had to 'leap' (6) across a the fissure, and that he stepped
onto a bridge (7) so narrow that Dwarves could only cross it in single file. These are the
actions of a more-or-less man-sized creature, not a giant.
The question of scale is a serious objection to real Balrog wings. If 'its wings were
spread from wall to wall' (2) literally refers to real wings, then the Balrog must have been
gigantic. For it to get into the Chamber of Mazarbul, though, it can't have been gigantic.
If the Balrog isn't gigantic, then 'its wings were spread from wall to wall' (2) can't refer to
real wings.
For the anti-wings faction, this is probably as close to a 'proof' as it's possible to get.

Summing Up

These are by no means the only objections to real Balrog wings, but they're probably
the strongest. Most others are circumstantial in nature and don't really advance the
argument far (for example, 'imagine a creature with huge wings, spread wide, trying to
handle a whirling whip of flame').
The two major objections, though, are very significant. Why don't Balrogs use their
wings, if they have them? How does a house-sized Balrog get through an orc-sized
doorway? These awkward questions only arise if Balrogs have real wings - if we assume
that they don't, it's easy to escape these inconsistencies.
It's probably fair to say that there is no incontrovertible evidence for real wings, and that
there at least two strong objections to their existence. Given the current state of the
argument, then, the weight of evidence seems to come down pretty heavily on the 'no
wings' side of the debate. 'Weight of evidence', though, isn't proof: there's always room
for research and reinterpretation.
Wherever the evidence lies, its a fact that nobody knows for sure what the answer is.
Only Tolkien himself could have told us, and he never made a definite statement on the
topic. It seems appropriate, then, to finish with the most definite description of a Balrog
he did provide:

[16] "What it was could not be seen: it was like a great shadow, in the middle of which
was a dark form, of man-shape, maybe, yet greater; and a power and terror seemed to
be in it and to go before it."
The Fellowship of the Ring II 5 The Bridge of Khazad-dûm